What is meant by 'contingency' in the context of reinforcement?

In the context of reinforcement, 'contingency' refers to a specific rule or relationship that dictates when a behavior will be followed by a reward or reinforcement. It establishes the conditions under which reinforcement occurs, meaning that it outlines exactly what actions must be performed in order to receive the reward. For example, if a student knows they will receive praise for completing their homework, the contingency is the completion of homework leading to praise.

This understanding is crucial for shaping and modifying behavior, as it allows individuals to recognize the connection between their actions and the outcomes that follow. Establishing clear contingencies can enhance learning and motivation, leading to desired behaviors being repeated. The other concepts mentioned, such as timing, the size of the reinforcer, and the effort required, are related to reinforcement but do not specifically define what 'contingency' entails in this context. Timing may affect the effectiveness of reinforcement, the size may influence the desirability of the reinforcer, and effort can impact motivation, but none capture the essential idea of a rule governing the behavior-reinforcement relationship.