Which of the following are considered common demonstrations of motivating operations?

The identification of satiation and deprivation as common demonstrations of motivating operations is rooted in how these concepts influence behavior. Satiation refers to a state in which an individual has consumed a significant amount of a reinforcer, leading to a decrease in the effectiveness of that reinforcer. For example, if someone has eaten a lot of pizza, their motivation to eat more pizza diminishes. This context shows how the availability and consumption of a reinforcer can alter future behavior regarding that reinforcer.

Deprivation, on the other hand, occurs when an individual has not had access to a certain reinforcer for a while, making that reinforcer more valuable or motivating. For instance, if a person hasn't eaten for several hours, their desire for food increases, making them more likely to seek out food as a reinforcer.

Together, satiation and deprivation illustrate how changes in environmental conditions can influence the value of certain outcomes, thereby impacting motivation and behavior. This understanding is crucial in the context of behavior analysis, as it helps to explain the variations in behavior based on internal states and prior experiences with reinforcers.